• [直接引用・間接引用]
• As [研究者] indicated/ stated/ discovered
• According to [研究者],

• As Smith indicated in a 2010 study . . .
• According to Marks and Peters . . .

• suggests
• as evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by
• based on
• can be seen/ observed when
• as seen in
• which is made apparent when
• is demonstrated by/ through/ when
• hinges on

• The strong negative correlation suggests that . . .
• As evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by their enlarged adrenal glands, patients with . . .
• Based on self-reported survey results . . .
• This phenomenon can be seen/ observed when wind speeds exceed . . .
• As seen in the high recurrence rates of . . .
• The causal link between A and B, which is made apparent when B triggers . . .
• The efficacy of chocolate as a cure for unhappiness is demonstrated by survey results highlighted in . . .
• This conclusion hinges on . . .

• for example
• for instance
• by way of illustration
• as an example
• to clarify
• to explain further
• namely
• to be specific
• that is,
• in other words,

• This occurrence is rare. For example, only one in twenty . . .
• It is unlikely that current population growth rates are sustainable. For instance, several major coastal cities are already suffering from . . .
• By way of illustration, less than 20% of new matriculants feel prepared for . . .
• As an example, when a country faces economic recession, polls indicate that over 80% of the population supports . . .
• To clarify, not all government-funded facilities provide . . .
• To explain further, large doses of Agent O can trigger . . .
• Millennials prefer flexible work conditions, namely the ability to work remotely.
• To be specific, bull markets can . . .
• That is, significant and sudden drops in temperature can . . .
• In other words, short bursts of high-intensity ultrasound can . . .

• for example/ instance
• such as*
• e.g.
• one/ another example
• like*
• excluding
• including
• an example being

*NOTE: “such as” と “like”の使用方法は異なるので注意。“Such as”は話題にしているカテゴリ内に属するものを例示する際に使用し、“Like”は話題にしているカテゴリに含まれていないが、近いものを挙げるときに使用する。

• Typhoons are considered acts of God, for example/ instance.
• The island is home to many native carnivorous plants, such as Venus flytraps.
• The only known bioluminescent vertebrates are fish (e.g. the anglerfish and lantern fish).
• One/ another example of this exception is . . .
• I prefer outdoor sports like mountain climbing because they allow me to enjoy nature while exercising.
• All mammals, excluding humans, stop drinking milk at a young age.
• All stars, including our sun, . . .
• Hawks feast on rodents, an example being . . .

• in a similar case
• unlike the case of
• in the same way
• as a case in point
• in a typical situation
• in a normal scenario

• In a similar case, a male patient with arthritis . . .
• Unlike a single-blind study, a double-blind study reduces the risk of observer bias.
• Redundancy and wordiness can be reduced in the same way: through careful editing.
• As a case in point, let’s look at the situation in which . . .
• In a typical situation, marsupials would . . .
• In a normal scenario, cortisol suppressant effects . . .

• for example
• indeed
• in fact
• notably
• markedly
• as a case in point

• Nocturnal marsupials, for example, have . . .
• Indeed, since the World Health Organization declared an end to the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . . .
• Ice-free habitats around Antarctica, in fact, have . . .
• High carbon steel alloys, notably, undergo a transformation when . . .
• Markedly, the deserts irregular rainfall levels have . . .
• As a case in point, the last known male northern white rhinoceros . . .